Mason-Dixon Line A Detailed Overview

Although the Mason-Dixon line is most commonly associated with the division between the northern and southern (free and slave, respectively) states during the 1800s and American Civil War-era, the line was delineated in the mid-1700s to settle a property dispute. The two surveyors who mapped the line, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, will always be known for their famous boundary. Â  Alvin Jewett Johnson / Public domain / Wikimedia Commons Calvert vs. Penn In 1632, King Charles I of England gave the first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, the colony of Maryland. Fifty years later, in 1682, King Charles II gave William Penn the territory to the north, which later became Pennsylvania. A year later, Charles II gave Penn land on the Delmarva Peninsula (the peninsula that includes the eastern portion of modern Maryland and all of Delaware). The description of the boundaries in the grants to Calvert and Penn did not match and there was a great deal of confusion as to where the boundary (supposedly along 40 degrees north) lay. The Calvert and Penn families took the matter to the British court and Englands chief justice declared in 1750 that the boundary between southern Pennsylvania and northern Maryland should lie 15 miles south of Philadelphia. A decade later, the two families agreed on the compromise and set out to have the new boundary surveyed. Unfortunately, colonial surveyors were no match for the difficult job and two experts from England had to be recruited. The Experts: Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon arrived in Philadelphia in November 1763. Mason was an astronomer who had worked at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and Dixon was a renowned surveyor. The two had worked together as a team prior to their assignment to the colonies. After arriving in Philadelphia, their first task was to determine the exact absolute location of Philadelphia. From there, they began to survey the north-south line that divided the Delmarva Peninsula into the Calvert and Penn properties. Only after the Delmarva portion of the line had been completed did the duo move to mark the east-west running line between Pennsylvania and Maryland. They precisely established the point fifteen miles south of Philadelphia and since the beginning of their line was west of Philadelphia, they had to begin their measurement to the east of the beginning of their line. They erected a limestone benchmark at their point of origin. Surveying in the West Travel and surveying in the rugged west was difficult and slow going. The surveyors had to deal with many different hazards, one of the most dangerous to the men being the indigenous Native Americans living in the region. The duo did have Native American guides, although once the survey team reached a point 36 miles east of the end point of the boundary, their guides told them not to travel any farther. Hostile residents kept the survey from reaching its end goal. Thus, on October 9, 1767, almost four years after they began their surveying, the 233 mile-long Mason-Dixon line had (almost) been completely surveyed. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 Over 50 years later, the boundary between the two states along the Mason-Dixon line came into the spotlight with the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Compromise established a boundary between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North (however its separation of Maryland and Delaware is a bit confusing since Delaware was a slave state that stayed in the Union). Blue indicates free states, red indicates slave states, and green is the Missouri Compromise line. Tintazul: JÃ ºlio Reisderivative / JWB / CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons This boundary became referred to as the Mason-Dixon line because it began in the east along the Mason-Dixon line and headed westward to the Ohio River and along the Ohio to its mouth at the Mississippi River and then west along 36 degrees 30 minutes North. The Mason-Dixon line was very symbolic in the minds of the people of the young nation struggling over slavery and the names of the two surveyors who created it will evermore be associated with that struggle and its geographic association.

Methods For Creating A Program - 1266 Words

As the focus and scope of the project evolved, so did the methods used to find a solution to the scheduling problem. The approach to creating a program had several stages, including a method to define several distinct weeklong schedules to combine, a method taking into account non-standardized class schedules, and a method combining consistent schedules with additional constraints. These approaches were each based on the current understanding of the scope and requirements of the project. In the first stage of the project, the focus was on creating several week long schedule blocks, composed of mixed shift lengths, that could be combined together over the entire year to achieve a schedule complying with the ACGME. These schedule blocks would be grouped by their intended use, such as which day a clinic session was on, day shifts or night shifts, specific educational blocks like the GPC, and split between first and second/third year residents. This schedule would be implemented on top o f previously assigned educational units and clinic sessions, and optimized for the correct number of residents during each hour of the day. Figure 3A demonstrates the schedule blocks, showing the hours assigned by each block over the course of a Wednesday. This method also included an implementation of the previously defined linear program, allowing scheduling blocks to be efficiently created for each of the situations required by the method. As more information was gathered, it became clearShow MoreRelatedTraining1351 Words   |  6 Pagesis a planned effort by a company to facilitate the learning of employees. High-leverage training is: linked to strategic business goals and objectives, supported by top management, relies on an instructional design model, and Benchmarked to programs in other organizations. 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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business

Question: Discuss about Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Social Networks in Business ? Answer: Introduction Internet has captured around 30% of the international market and has around 2 billion consumers around the globe (Internet World Stats, 2017). With the increasing consumer trend of using internet to gain product information and buy products online has enabled the organizations to use social media marketing to promote their businesses. There has been an ongoing research by the various scholars to study consumer behavior and develop effective strategies to market products and brands through social media networks. With the increasing trend of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other social media networks, the organizations have been thriving hard to establish strong relationship with the consumers, for instance, Starbucks uploads the photographs of their customers on social media to maintain customer relationship. In spite of increasing usage of social media networks and its preferred use for businesses, it has some disadvantages that could affect the performance of businesses. The report would thus, aim to discuss advantages and disadvantages of using social media networks in businesses through a literature review. Social Network The authors Xiang and Ulrike (2010), defined social media as internet based applications comprising of consumer generated content that also includes media impressions. The consumers could easily post, tag, blog and perform other functions through various tools and applications of social media. The study conducted by authors also revealed that social media has a great influence on the mind sets of consumers. The authors Asur and Bernardo (2010), defined social media as an online platform for the people to develop content, share it with their friends, bookmark it and develop their social network. The most popularly used social media networks include Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Digg and other social platforms. The authors also stated that social media has influenced the public trends through their ease of use, speed and accessibility. According to the authors Agichtein et al (2008), social media is considered to be the source of rich content with variety of information sources. According to Alhabash, Juan, and Syed (2017), social media facilitates the development of brand and product. The authors also stated that with the help of social networks, the gap between advertising, marketing and public relations has dissolved and the organizations are easily able to develop relationship with their customers by connecting with them through their profile. The authors also argued that traditional marketing methods involves a lengthy process of developing strategy and then executing them, on the other hand social media merges all strategies including public relations, advertising and offline strategies to be able to reach the potential target customers. Social media takes into consideration the consumer behavior and therefore, the focus is on content generation that has the most positive impact on the thinking pattern of consumers. According to Mangold and David (2009), social media has become an integral element of promotional mix for the companies. The authors stated their point by saying that companies are able to have a direct interaction with the potential customers. They also argued that social media also provides platform for the customers to have a direct discussion that is a challenge for the companies for which they must develop effective strategies to control the consumer discussion. The authors Knoll and Schramm (2015) also revealed the importance of user generated content for social media. Their paper construed that the consumers are more likely to be influenced by the content that has been shared by someone from their own group and social network instead of some unknown and complete stranger. Advantages of Social Networks in Business According to Alhabash, Juan, and Syed (2017), social media networking is one of the most prominent methods of marketing for businesses. The businesses are easily able to promote their brands and product by blending the concept of advertising, public relations and marketing by directly connecting with the customers. The authors also revealed that user generated content plays an important role in influencing the minds of the consumers. The companies can easily promote their products and brands through videos, graphics and other forms of visuals. The author also emphasized that through social media network, the businesses can easily target large number of customers without making a huge investment. The authors Xiang and Ulrike (2010), revealed through one of their study that social media play a significant role in online tourism industry. The consumers are able to plan their trip using search engine. Further, the consumers are also able to share their experiences on the social media by uploading their stories, comments, pictures and short videos. Thus tourism industry has benefited through wide use of social media and attracted huge number of customers through ease and convenient services. The authors Asur and Bernardo (2010) argued that social media could also help to predict future outcomes by analyzing the large data available on the network. The authors research revealed that business could be predicted for box movies using Twitter social network. Twitter is a micro-blogging network that has become popular and has tens of millions of users actively present. The consumers are likely to discuss about a movie on the Twitter with their friends and colleagues. The research revealed that real world outcomes can be easily construed from the ongoing discussion on Twitter and around 3 million tweets on Twitter were analyzed to assess their impact on Hollywood Stock Exchange. The findings construed that there is a direct relation between the amount of attention a topic is given on the Twitter and its revenue collection and ranking in the future. Thackeray (2008) stated that social networks helps to establish long term relationship with the customers through user generated content sharing, bookmarking, social networking and syndication. This enhances the promotional methods of the businesses as the consumers share their experiences and opinions at very fast pace. Thus, the companies would have direct access to their consumers and would not have to depend on the traditional channels. The author Shashi (2012) also stated that social networks enhance customer engagement by integrating the concept of relationship marketing in the process. The customer engagement cycle is enhanced by integrating connection, interaction, retention, loyalty, advocacy and engagement to develop delighted customers, loyal customers and transactional customers. Disadvantages of Social Networks in Business The authors Vance, William and Robert (2009), argued that in spite of several opportunities for businesses provided by social media, it has certain challenges for healthcare industry. The authors specifically emphasized on the authorship of the content. They strictly stated that many a times sources are not provided by users and most of the time users share their personal experiences that could have a negative impact on the performance of the businesses. For healthcare sector, the authors construed the factors authorship, attribution of information and patient privacy. It becomes a huge responsibility for the hospitals to ensure sound medical advice to the consumers through social networks. The authors Macnamara and Zerfass (2012) pointed out that social media has a challenging communication management level in Europe and Australia. The organizations have to deploy the concept of communication controlling that conflict with the practices of social media. Further, the organizations have to also take care of methods deployed in consumer engagement through social media and needs to be in accordance to the laws and interests of stakeholders. According to Kaplan and Michael (2010), social networking is commonly used by the youngsters as they are excited to use the latest technology. The youth are more likely to attract by the latest technology as compared to the adults because of their adaptability and flexibility. When Instagram was launched, almost every youngster signed up for it. Thus, social fails to target a large number of customers including adults, business professionals and executives. The authors also argued that it becomes difficult for them to control and monitor each and every activity of the consumers on social media. Thus, the consumers could also defame the name of the company through negative reviews and comments. This could tarnish the image of the company and influence the businesses. A negative feedback and review by a client may be due to clients fault or some other unavoidable factors, but would spoil the brand name of product or company for a long duration and it becomes difficult to change the min dset of the customer Conclusion Social media has acquired a large market share of the world due to which it has become the preferred methods of communication and marketing with the customers. The report revealed that it is one of the easiest and fastest methods that blend advertising, marketing and public relations very effectively. One of the major advantages of social media is that it helps in customer engagement by directly reaching the customers. It also helps to instill loyalty and trust among the consumers. A company can easily promote its brand and product without incurring any cost that would have been required for traditional marketing methods. In spite of several advantages, social media could pose problems to the authorship of the content and could also tarnish the name of the businesses through negative comments by the consumers. References Agichtein, Eugene, Carlos Castillo, Debora Donato, Aristides Gionis, and Gilad Mishne. 2008. Finding high-quality content in social media. InProceedings of the 2008 international conference on web search and data mining, pp. 183-194. ACM. Alhabash, Saleem, Juan Mundel, and Syed Ali Hussain. 2017. Social Media Advertising.Digital Advertising: Theory and Research. Asur, Sitaram, and Bernardo A. Huberman. 2010. Predicting the future with social media. InWeb Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT), IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 492-499. Internet World Stats. 2012. Internet Usage Statistics. Internet World Stats. Available at: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm [Accessed Online 25 April 2017]. Kaplan, Andreas M., and Michael Haenlein. 2010. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.Business horizons53, no. 1: 59-68. Knoll, Johannes., and Schramm, Holger. (2015). Advertising in social network sites Investigating the social influence of user generated content on online advertising effects. Communications, 40(3), 341360. Macnamara, Jim, and Ansgar Zerfass. 2012. Social media communication in organizations: The challenges of balancing openness, strategy, and management.International Journal of Strategic Communication6, no. 4: 287-308. Mangold, W. Glynn, and David J. Faulds. 2009. Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix."Business horizons52, no. 4: 357-365. Sashi, C. M. 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media."Management decision50, no. 2: 253-272. Thackeray, Rosemary, Brad L. Neiger, Carl L. Hanson, and James F. McKenzie. 2008. Enhancing promotional strategies within social marketing programs: use of Web 2.0 social media.Health promotion practice9, no. 4: 338-343. Vance, Karl, William Howe, and Robert P. Dellavalle. 2009. Social internet sites as a source of public health information.Dermatologic clinics27, no. 2: 133-136. Xiang, Zheng, and Ulrike Gretzel. 2010. Role of social media in online travel information search.Tourism management31, no. 2 (2010): 179-188.

The Problems Of Air Pollution Essays - Air Pollution, Smog

The Problems Of Air Pollution The Problems of Air Pollution Problem What causes pollution? What can we do to prevent it, and get rid of it? Is it fair to the children of the future to have to suffer the consequences that pollution causes? Why not take care of the problem now? Factory and business owners have the ability to prevent air pollution. ?Air pollution is the presence of harmful gases, liquids, or solids in the atmosphere. Air pollution, known as smoke pollution for many years, resulted from coal combustion? (Hodges 526). Smog has been a problem in coal-burning areas for several centuries. Smog finally decreased when coal combustion was replaced by oil and gas combustion. Air pollution is caused by a number of different types of pollutants. The first type, particulate matter, consists of solid and liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere. These arise from the burning of coal and from industrial processes. Atmospheric particles can scatter and absorb sunlight, which reduces visibility. Particles also reduce visibility by attenuating the light from objects and illuminating the air causing the contrast between the objects and their backgrounds to reduce. Not only does it effect visibility, but it hastens the erosion of building materials and the corrosion of metals, interferes with the human respiratory system, and brings toxic materials into the body. ?The small particles cause chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, emphysema and lung cancer? (Hodges 59). The second type is sulfur oxide, which come from the burning of coal and industrial processes. Damage to building materials, vegetation, and to the human respiratory system are caused by the acidic nature of oxides. ?Small quantities of sulfur oxides can increase illness and mortality? (Hodges 59). The third type of pollutant is carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas against which humans have no protection. ?Carbon monoxide comes from the exhaust of gasoline-powered vehicles and secondarily from industrial processes? (Hamer 45). Hemoglobin, which is in the blood, combines with carbon monoxide and carries less oxygen to body tissues causing health and heart effects. Some health problems come from the exhaust fumes leaking into the interior of the automobile. Several hundred Americans die from CO poisoning each year. Sodium oxide levels below .25 PPM have been associated with increased morbidity in New York as measured by hospital admissions. In all cases in which adverse health effects have been noted, the elderly patients have been affected severely (Hodges 60). The fourth type is hydrocarbons, which are chemical compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons also arise from gasoline-powered vehicles and from industrial processes. ?Hydrocarbons are an important part of the production of photochemical smog? (Hodges 61). The last type is nitrogen oxide that come from high-temperature combustion, such as that occurring in motor vehicle engines, electric power plants and other fuel usage. Nitrogen oxide contributes to acidity in precipitation and production of photochemical smog. Nitrogen oxide is also dangerous because it causes serious illness and possibly death even if the exposure to NO2 is short. The gas was responsible for 124 deaths in a fire at Cleveland's Crile Children Hospital on May 15, 1929, when x-ray film containing nitrocellulose accidentally caught fire and produced NO2 (Hodges 63). Solution As one can surely see these types of air pollutants are harmful to our atmosphere, environment and personal health. Factory owners can help prevent all of these effects. Researchers have found different ways to remove these pollutants from the air. One device designed to remove hydrocarbons from the atmosphere is an improved low pollution invisible flare burner, which comprises a tall stack lined with ceramic. Primary air is introduced under pressure in a tube below and coaxial with the stack. The top of the tube contains a burner for the vented hydrocarbon gases (Sittig 227). Within this device different air mixtures provide means for complete combustion of the vented gases with low emission of smoke and light. Another method wherein ?gases contaminated with vapors from volatile organic liquids are recovered by containing the vapor- gas mixture in an absorbed tower with a sponge coil which absorbs the vapors? (Sittig 348). Both methods can successfully remove hydrocarbons. A method has been discovered for removing nitrogen oxides from gases. ?An ionizing radiation allows